In early December 2016, U.S. president-elect Donald J. Trump accepted a congratulatory telephone call from President Tsai Ing-wen of the Republic of China (ROC)-Taiwan. In addition to breaking with decades of U.S.-China diplomatic protocol, this telephone conversation has been seen as one of the highest-profile examples of Taiwan’s ongoing search for international space in its global relations. And it is the type of interaction that has been constantly opposed regionally and globally by the Chinese Communist government in Beijing (People’s Republic of China – PRC), which sees Taiwan as a “breakaway province.”
While the Beijing government has kept its unhappiness with the telephone call relatively restrained, state-owned newspapers, including the China Daily and the Global Times, have run fierce denouncements warning of serious consequences if Trump does not follow the “One China” principle. This view is that there is only “One China” and the governments on either side of the Taiwan Straits can define it as they choose — and that the Beijing government has declared the principle to be the non-negotiable basis of China-United States relations. Trump has publicly stated that the “One China” principle may be negotiable — making China-U.S. and Taiwan-U.S. relations, following his Jan. 20 presidential inauguration, very unpredictable.
During her January transit stop in Houston (Texas) en route for her state tour of Central America — visiting Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua — Tsai met with two senior Republican politicians, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and Texas Gov. Greg Abbott. Cruz subsequently stated that he and Tsai had discussed arms sales, diplomat exchanges and economic relations and that he hoped to increase trade between Texas and Taiwan. These stopover discussions sparked renewed opposition from the Beijing government, which continues to call upon Trump to abide by the “One China” policy.
Taiwan’s global role
Since Taiwan lost its United Nations seat in 1971 to Mainland China, it has been attempting to retain diplomatic relations with other countries — as well as maintaining membership or observer participation status in the international regulatory regimes that basically run day-to-day activities around the globe.
Taiwan has a system of democratic governance with national executive, legislative parliament and municipal and county councils that are freely elected every four years. Political parties are permitted under its national constitution, most recently amended in 2005, and can put forward candidates for elected office alongside independent candidates. As an industrially advanced society and a major contributor to the global information and communications technology (ICT) supply chains, Taiwan was the 17th-largest exporting nation and 18th-largest importer of merchandise in 2015, according to the World Trade Organization.
In addition to bolstering its state-to-state diplomatic relations with 20 other countries, Taiwan maintains strong economic and cultural relations with all of the major industrialized countries and regularly campaigns for observer status in international regulatory regimes. Taiwan has full membership in 37 intergovernmental regulatory organizations and their subsidiaries, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) — as well as observer status in 22 other regulatory bodies.
ICAO’s 39th assembly in Montreal
Last September, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) held its 39th assembly in Montreal. As an increasingly important international regulatory regime — and one of the family of United Nations’ specialized agencies — the ICAO holds triennial meetings to deliberate on international issues affecting global civil aviation operations, with the continuing goal of maintaining “a seamless sky” for international air travel.
Even though it is an integral part of the global aviation network — particularly in East Asia — Taiwan was unsuccessful in being granted observer status at the ICAO assembly. Within the global aviation network, the Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR) covers 180,000 square nautical miles of air flight area between Japan’s Fukuoka FIR to the north, the Philippines’ Manila FIR to the south, and China’s Hong Kong FIR and Shanghai FIR to the west. And, in 2015, more than 1.5 million flights carrying 58 million travellers passed through the Taipei FIR.
Taiwan had been invited to the 2013 ICAO assembly as a guest by the ICAO president — with the acquiescence of the Chinese government. Yet, according to Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang, Taiwan was an “inseparable part of China” and had no right to participate in the 39th ICAO assembly in 2016. He went on to state that “Taipei’s attendance in the past was based on temporary arrangements,” namely then-Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou’s Nationalist Party (KMT) government had accepted the “1992 Consensus” that there was only one China.
Since her successful election in 2016, Tsai has not acknowledged or accepted the “1992 Consensus” or the “One China” principle. Rather, her Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) government has repeatedly stated that it would abide by the ROC-Taiwan Constitution and the “will of the Taiwanese people.” As a result, China pressured the ICAO not to issue an observer invitation to Taiwan — despite its continuing role in ensuring “a seamless sky” worldwide.
Foreign ministry spokesman Lu went on to state that the position of the State Council of the Chinese government was that “the prerequisite for Taiwan to participate in any international activity is for it to agree to the one-China policy and for this to be resolved through consultation.”
In search of observer status
Taiwan also campaigned to participate in the 85th General Assembly of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) held in Bali, Indonesia, last November. It had been an Interpol member until 1984 when it was forced to withdraw as China joined the organization. Basically, Interpol facilitates international co-operation between the police forces of countries worldwide and assists those countries to combat organized crime, cybercrime, trans-border crime and terrorism. As a non-member, Taiwan is denied access to Interpol’s global police communications system, and even to its stolen and lost travel documents database.
In March 2016, the U.S. government, under president Barack Obama, signed into law legislation calling for support for Taiwan’s efforts to gain observer status in Interpol — a position that other major foreign powers supported. Nevertheless, Taiwan was denied an observer invitation to the Interpol meeting in Bali.
This was despite the cross-strait agreement on joint crime-fighting between China and Taiwan — signed in March 2009 — for joint investigations, information-sharing and documentation exchanges. While low-level exchanges of crime-fighting information continue across the Taiwan Strait, Taiwan officials say there has been a lack of administrative personnel exchanges between the two sides since May 20, when Tsai took office.
Also in November, Taiwan campaigned to attend the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change-COP22 in Marrakesh, Morocco. Even though it is not a UN member, it was able to attend as a non-governmental observer through a “technical approach” — with little interference from China. Its Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) mission was able to hold meaningful discussions with more than 35 nations on a variety of climate issues, including greenhouse gas reductions. And the EPA team pointed out that the work to fight climate change concerned the “survival of the entire human population.”
Chinese opposition to Taiwan’s search for international space is a constant hindrance. In a recent individual example, former Taiwan president Ma was invited to give an address to the 8th World Chinese Economic Summit in Melaka, Malaysia, last November. He sought to urge the summit participants to support Taiwan’s effort to enhance its ties with ASEAN countries in trade, education and culture — and to work toward Taiwan applying for ASEAN membership. But, at Beijing’s reported urging, the summit booklet omitted his formal official title and replaced it with only his name — thus denying him his rightful and respectful title. In response, Ma wore a self-prepared nametag that identified himself as “Former President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).” In a subsequent press conference, he declared that China had been behind the move and that the summit organizers had apologized to him afterwards.
WHO and SARS 2003 in Taiwan
For an earlier example from 2003, Taiwan was blocked from international co-operation involving the World Health Organization (WHO) and the SARS global health threat. At the time, I was attending an international Asia-Pacific Co-operative Security conference, being held in Taipei. In the months prior, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus epidemic broke out in Guangdong province in southern China.
By mid-March, the WHO had announced that SARS was a “worldwide health threat.” But, due to China’s opposition to Taiwan having membership in international governmental organizations or even observer status, Taiwan could not receive WHO health threat alerts. As a result, it had to rely on foreign allies and friends for health updates — because the Chinese health ministry on the mainland would only pass delayed information through semi-official cross-strait association links.
With Taipei being a major international air travel hub — and with air travel being a primary conductor of the disease — Taiwan was reliant on timely medical updates from its allied countries, especially the United States. In Taipei, we received daily medical briefings on the global SARS situation from two Taiwan National University medical professors who had received WHO alerts overnight from their colleagues in the United States. These morning briefings on the state of affairs were very welcomed by all the international participants. As well, the updated medical information was being distributed island-wide for all residents’ welfare. The SARS epidemic would go on to infect 8,098 people — with 774 deaths worldwide including 44 in Canada, according to the WHO.
Beijing’s continuing institutional opposition
The Beijing government will likely continue to pressure international organizations to deny Taiwan participation or observer status in any regulatory regimes — despite the goal of global well-being for all the world’s citizens that their international activities are meant to achieve. For more on this, see the sidebar on page 67.
Two events in 2017 will cast a spotlight on the tense situation across the Taiwan Straits. First, the ninth annual BRICS Leaders Summit will be held in Xiamen City on the southeast China coastline in September. With leaders from Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and host nation China meeting at this location across the straits from Taiwan, it will very likely focus BRICS, Asian and international attention on the need for peaceful political and economic relations in the East Asian region.
And second, the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) will hold its 19th Party Congress in Beijing in November. These five-year congresses set the national plans and policies for China for the next five years as well as approving the membership of the country’s highest political bodies — the standing committee of the politburo and the party politburo. While the CCP Congress is likely to only restate the official CCP perspective that Taiwan is a “renegade province of China,” it seems certain that there will continue to be a strong effort to restrict or hinder Taiwan’s campaign for wider international space in the East Asian region and globally.
Since the Trump-Tsai telephone chat in December, the mainland has called for stronger — though not military — direct measures against the island. In 2005, the Chinese government passed an Anti-Secession Law that claimed authorization to use force against Taiwan if the CCP leadership determined the island had declared independence or that there was civil disorder there. Recent media reporting suggests that senior People’s Liberation Army (PLA) officers have called for greater direct pressure on Taiwan by implementing measures such as further reduction in cross-strait trade and tourist groups, no longer permitting direct flights, and even enacting an economic blockade. These actions would be in addition to current PLA air force flights around the island and PLA navy exercises just outside the island’s maritime boundaries
Ways to break the impasse
There are two ways Taiwan can participate or have observer status in international regulatory bodies. First, it can keeping talking and negotiating with other governments for bilateral agreements on common regulatory issues and other bilateral issues, such as trade and investment regulations.
In recent discussions in Taipei, minister without portfolio Bill K.M. Chen, who heads Taiwan’s Office of Trade Negotiations, pointed out that the Taiwanese government was continuously discussing free-trade agreements and bilateral investment agreements with other governments. These agreements can be with its allied countries and regionally through its new Southbound Policy approach to Southeast Asia, particularly the 10-nation ASEAN organization — the nations of South Asia, and Australia and New Zealand. Taiwan has already reached economic agreements with Singapore and New Zealand.
The second way is a partnership method in which Taiwan seeks joint approaches with an allied government to participate in wider activities of international governmental organizations — in effect, to seek intergovernmental organization membership (IGO) solutions. At the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit — to which ROC-Taiwan has membership — in Lima, Peru, in November 2016, the United States and Taiwan jointly announced their intention to support the establishment of a sub-fund on women and the economy under APEC’s auspices.
Such a model of joint participation in IGO developmental projects with foreign countries could gain Taiwan greater international space. And such joint partnership approaches could be pursued while at the same time permitting face-saving cover for China. But the Chinese Communist Party government in Beijing is expected to oppose Taiwan’s search for greater international space — whether wider diplomatic relations or observer status — in all cases regardless of the Taiwan government’s international and bilateral efforts.
In sum, the Beijing government fears that the Trump White House will use the “Taiwan issue” as a pressure point in bargaining against Mainland China. At the same time, Taiwan sees itself being used as a bargaining chip in U.S.-China dealings. What Trump will actually do is unpredictable for the parties on either side of the Taiwan Strait.
Ultimately, it’s difficult to predict how Washington’s policy towards Taiwan might change under Trump.
Taiwan seeks international status
Taiwan seeks international status
The Chinese Communist Party government in Beijing sees Taiwan as a “breakaway province” of Mainland China. It has therefore continuously sought to block Taiwan’s participation as a national government in international governmental organizations. Under its “One China” policy, China only agrees to Taiwan’s participation in international governmental organizations (IGOs) as either “Chinese Taipei,” as in the Olympic Games, or it agrees to its status as an economic entity — not as the democratic government that it is — as in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Alternatively, it agrees to see it as a “guest” observer at the invitation of an IGO president.
Below is a list of recent IGO meetings or annual reports from which ROC-Taiwan was either excluded or only allowed to attend in a reduced or non-voting capacity. According to the foreign ministry in Taipei, there are plans to have a hotlink to an English-language list on its website later this year. See http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/default.html.
April 2016
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) asked Taiwan’s delegation to leave a senior officials’ symposium in Belgium due to pressure from China. Though Taiwan is not a member of the OECD, it was invited as a dialogue partner to attend a high-level symposium on excess capacity and structural adjustment in the steel sector co-sponsored by Belgium and the OECD.
May 2016
A Taiwan representative was permitted to attend the UN World Health Organization’s 69th World Health Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland, on May 25. That invitation was given only because the assembly’s invitation had already been given to former Taiwan president Ma Ying-jeou’s KMT government as “Chinese Taipei.”
As a result, Taiwanese Health Minister Lin Tzou-yien addressed the assembly, calling for the World Health Organization and its member states to support Taiwan in its efforts to participate robustly
in WHO meetings and activities.
June 2016
A group of Taiwanese university student participants sought to observe an International Labour Organization (ILO) meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. But, when they presented their ROC-Taiwan passports and university ID cards to obtain an ILO pass, they were rejected out of hand.
July 2016
Taiwanese government officials from its Council of Agriculture were forced to leave the UN Food and Agricultural Organization’s 32nd Session of its committee on fisheries because they held ROC-Taiwan passports.
September 2016
Despite efforts by Taiwan’s diplomatic allies and friendly countries, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) council president chose not to follow the 2013 precedent of inviting Taiwan to attend as an observer at the 39th ICAO Assembly in Montreal, Qué.
September 2016
The World Economic Forum changed Taiwan’s listing in its annual Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017 from “Chinese Taipei” to “Taiwan, China” with Mainland China’s acceptance. Even so, Taiwan had moved up one notch to No. 14 in the WEF global competitiveness rankings while retaining its No. 4 standing among Asian nations.
November 2016
Taiwan campaigned to participate in the 85th General Assembly of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) held in Bali, Indonesia, but was refused attendance and observer status. It had been an Interpol member until 1984, when it was forced to withdraw after China joined the organization.
November 2016
Taiwan was forced to send a lower-level official from its Environmental Protection Administration to lead a non-governmental technical delegation to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP22 conference in Marrakesh, Morocco, due to China’s pressure because Taiwan was not a member of the United Nations.
November 2016
Taiwan helped co-found the UN Non-Governmental Organization Committee for Rare Diseases. Nevertheless, it was barred from attending its first meeting in New York due to pressure from the Chinese government — despite Taiwan’s contribution to rare diseases research.
November 2016
Former Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou was invited to deliver a speech at the 8th World Chinese Economic Summit in Malaysia, but due to Chinese government interference, his title was downgraded in the summit’s directory and conference handbook. In a follow-up press conference, Ma declared that China’s suppression of Taiwan at the event was unnecessary.
The Chinese government continues to use this practice. It cites President Tsai Ing-wen, Taiwan’s current president, as only “Taiwanese leader Tsai” in its official statements and media reporting.
Dr. Robert D’A. Henderson is a retired professor of international relations who currently does international assessments and international elections monitoring. Among his recent writings is “China – Great Power Rising,” in the Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft (London and New York). At the time of the Trump-Tsai telephone chat last December, Dr. Henderson was able to hold wide-ranging research discussions in Taipei, Taiwan.
